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| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
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| Harrington, Winston; McConnell, Virginia D.. |
| This paper examines the current assignment of liability for in-use vehicle emissions and suggests some alternative policies that may reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness. We first discuss the cost, performance and incentives under current Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, using the recently implemented Arizona "Enhanced I/M" program as an example. These programs were designed to identify and repair vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems. Since their inception, however, I/M programs have been plagued by transaction costs that have drastically raised the cost of I/M as well as limited its effectiveness. These transaction costs fall into three categories: emission monitoring, repair avoidance, and non-transferability of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Mobile sources; Emissions; Coase; Liability; I/M; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; Q28; R48. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10911 |
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| Krupnick, Alan J.; McConnell, Virginia D.; Cannon, Matthew; Stoessell, Terrell; Batz, Michael B.. |
| Reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the eastern United States has become the focus of efforts to meet ozone air quality goals and will be useful for reducing particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the future. This paper addresses many aspects of the debate over the appropriate approach for obtaining reductions in NOx emissions from point sources beyond those called for in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Data on NOx control technologies and their associated costs, spatial models linking NOx emissions and air quality, and benefit estimates of the health effects of changes in ozone and PM concentrations are combined to allow an analysis of alternative policies in thirteen states in the eastern United States. The first part of the study... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10483 |
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| Ando, Amy Whritenour; McConnell, Virginia D.; Harrington, Winston. |
| The Arizona I/M program provides one of the first opportunities to examine the costs and effectiveness of vehicle emission repair. This paper examines various aspects of emission reductions, fuel economy improvements, and costs of repair, drawing data from over 80,000 vehicles failing the I/M test in Arizona between 1995 and the first half of 1996. We summarize the wealth of repair data from the Arizona program and highlight its limitations. Because missing or incomplete cost information has been a serious shortcoming for evaluation of I/M programs, we develop a method for estimating the costs of repair when those costs are not reported. We find surprising evidence that almost one quarter of all vehicles that take the I/M test are never observed to pass... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: I/M; Repair; Emissions; Mobile sources; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25; R48. |
| Ano: 1999 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10915 |
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| Austin, David H.; Krupnick, Alan J.; McConnell, Virginia D.. |
| This paper examines implications for cost-effective allocation of pollution controls when preferences of coalitions organized along regional lines, or according to preferences for air vs. water quality improvements, are accounted for. Results are compared to a base case in which NOx emissions reductions must satisfy only a water quality standard, and total costs are minimized over emissions sources. Relative to base-case result that marginal control costs must be equal across sources, stronger relative preferences for air imply shifting of control toward sources that produce greater ancillary benefits to air quality. Regional differences may require side payments to induce cooperation where benefits are low, but this will not affect how controls themselves... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Environmental Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 1997 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10553 |
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| Ando, Amy Whritenour; Harrington, Winston; McConnell, Virginia D.. |
| The expense and inconvenience of enhanced vehicle emissions testing using the full 240-second dynamometer test has led states to search for ways to shorten the test process. In fact, all states that currently use the IM240 allow some type of fast-pass, usually as early in the test as second 31, and Arizona allows vehicles to fast-fail after second 93. While these shorter tests save states millions of dollars in inspection lanes and driver costs, there is a loss in information since test results are no longer comparable across vehicles. This paper presents a methodology for estimating full 240 second results from partial-test results for three pollutants: HC, CO and NOx. Using random sample of vehicles in Arizona which received full 240 second tests, we use... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Inspection and maintenance; Mobile source; Fast pass; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q25. |
| Ano: 1998 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10734 |
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| McConnell, Virginia D.; Kopits, Elizabeth; Walls, Margaret. |
| This paper examines transferable development rights (TDRs) policies as a way to preserve farmland and change the density of development. Characteristics of TDR markets are described, including why they might promote efficiency, and the difficulties that arise in implementing them. Evidence from an established TDR program in Calvert County, Maryland, is used to assess the potential for TDRs to influence subdivision density, and to achieve local land preservation goals. The Calvert program has succeeded in creating an active and stable TDR market, and has therefore preserved a large amount of farmland in the region. But we find that the demand for additional density permitted with TDRs occurs mostly in rural areas and not in the higher density town centers... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Land preservation; Development; Markets; Density; Land Economics/Use. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10240 |
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| McConnell, Virginia D.; Kopits, Elizabeth; Walls, Margaret. |
| Transferable development rights (TDRs) can be used as a local planning tool to preserve land for particular uses. TDRs separate ownership of the right to develop land from ownership of the land itself, creating a market in which the development rights can be bought and sold. Landowners who sell TDRs permanently preserve their land in an undeveloped state; those TDRs are then used to increase the density of development elsewhere. In this paper, we evaluate a TDR program for preserving farmland in Calvert County, Maryland. We evaluate the performance of the TDR market over the 23-year life of the program by looking at the number of transactions and TDRs sold and the level and dispersion of prices over time. We also look closely at the influence of the county... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Land use; Farmland preservation; Development rights; Land Economics/Use; Q15; Q24; R140. |
| Ano: 2003 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10659 |
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| Walls, Margaret; McConnell, Virginia D.. |
| The activities conducted on land surrounding the Chesapeake Bay directly affect pollution levels in the Bay, and they do so in complex and varied ways. Policy attention has been focused, for the most part, on modifying these activities within a particular land use category but not on wholesale changes in land use. For example, farmers are encouraged to use "best management practices" (BMPs) that focus on fertilizer use, crop covers, and the like; residential and commercial developers are encouraged to manage stormwater runoff; and wastewater treatment plants are required to meet technology-based standards. But the amount of land in urbanized uses relative to the amount in farming, forestry, and open space has not been given the attention it deserves. In... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Development impact fees; Nonpoint source pollution; Purchase of development rights; Transferable development rights; Land Economics/Use; Q53; Q58; R14. |
| Ano: 2004 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10843 |
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| Kopits, Elizabeth; McConnell, Virginia D.; Walls, Margaret. |
| Many economists see current land use patterns as inefficient due to various market failures, and planners argue that current patterns do not follow sound planning practice. One policy of interest to both groups is transferable development rights (TDR). TDRs allow the development rights from land that is preserved in an undeveloped state to be transferred to other areas where development can be made denser. This paper addresses one of the greatest difficulties TDR programs face-insufficient demand. We develop a simple theoretical model and estimate a TDR demand function using data from Calvert County, Maryland, one of the only regions where data on individual sales are available. We find that baseline zoning is a critical determinant of TDR demand- demand... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: TDRs; Density; Zoning; Subdivisions; International Development; R14; R52; R21. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10880 |
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| Harrington, Winston; McConnell, Virginia D.; Walls, Margaret. |
| Regulation of mobile source emissions in the US has evolved as a complex combination of central government and decentralized authority. The central government required uniform new car emissions standards in the 1970 Clean Air Act, but gave states the power to meet ambient air quality standards however they saw fit, including various regulations on mobile sources. The 1990 Amendments to the Act strengthened the Federal role in some ways, by requiring tighter new car standards and more specific requirements for fuels and for vehicle emissions inspection and maintenance, but at the same time left states with a great deal of latitude to meet ambient standards and took greater recognition of regional variation in environmental problems. We examine the role of... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Mobile source; Federalism; Public Economics; Q25; Q28. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10636 |
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| McConnell, Virginia D.; Walls, Margaret; Kopits, Elizabeth. |
| Many communities on the urban fringe are implementing a range of policies to preserve farmland and open space, cluster residential development, and guide development to areas with existing infrastructure. These efforts are an attempt to control overall growth and the concomitant loss in open space and also to counter a trend toward the so-called large lot development that often takes place in these areas. Planners have argued that policies to manage density are the most important local policy focus for urban areas in the coming years. It is possible that large lot development and sprawl are themselves the result of government policy. Most local governments use zoning to establish minimum acreage requirements for each residential dwelling unit; in ex-urban... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Housing density; Zoning; Transferable development rights; Public Economics; R14; R15; R52. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10490 |
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| Registros recuperados: 15 | |
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